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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Gene Therapy00:59

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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Group Therapy01:26

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Group therapy is a sociocultural approach to psychological treatment, where individuals with shared psychological challenges come together under the guidance of a mental health professional. This therapeutic modality offers unique opportunities for individuals to connect, share, and grow within the context of a supportive group. By fostering mutual understanding and collaboration, group therapy can address a range of psychological concerns effectively, often complementing or surpassing the...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Cohesion in group therapy: A meta-analysis.

Gary M Burlingame1, Debra Theobald McClendon1, Chongming Yang2

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Group cohesion significantly impacts therapy outcomes, with a moderate effect size. Several factors, including group type and leader interventions, influence this relationship, highlighting the importance of group dynamics in treatment success.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Group Therapy Research

Background:

  • Group cohesion is a central concept in group therapy.
  • Existing measures of cohesion vary, prompting a review of definitions and instruments.
  • A novel measure with quality and structure factors is proposed to explain variance in group relationship instruments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review definitions and measures of group cohesion.
  • To present a meta-analysis on the relationship between group cohesion and treatment outcomes.
  • To identify moderators influencing the cohesion-outcome association.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis of 55 studies was conducted to examine the cohesion-outcome link.
  • Moderator analyses were performed due to significant heterogeneity in effect sizes.
  • Six potential moderator variables were investigated.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant, moderate aggregate correlation (r = .26) was found between group cohesion and treatment outcome.
  • Significant heterogeneity in effect sizes (I2 = 79.3%) supported moderator analyses.
  • Six moderators, including outcome measure type and leader interventions, significantly predicted the cohesion-outcome association.

Conclusions:

  • Group cohesion is a significant predictor of treatment outcomes in group therapy.
  • Understanding moderator variables is crucial for optimizing the impact of cohesion.
  • Future research should consider patient contributions, diversity, and evidence-based practices.