Melatonin enhances atherosclerotic plaque stability by inducing prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 expression

Melatonin, an endogenous neurohormone secreted predominately by the pineal gland, has a variety of physiological functions. However, its protective role in atherosclerosis is not clear. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential effects of melatonin in modulating atherosclerotic plaque stability in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE) mice.

Smooth muscle cells were treated with melatonin, which significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of a key intracellular enzyme essential for collagen maturation and secretion, prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 (P4Hα1). Mechanistically, melatonin increased Akt phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which bound with the P4Hα1 promoter and then induced P4Hα1 expression. Pretreatment with either Akt inhibitor LY294002 or Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin A (MTM) could inhibit melatonin-induced P4Hα1 expression. Finally, atherosclerotic lesions were induced by placing a perivascular collar on the right common carotid artery of ApoE mice, which were received with or without different doses of melatonin or MTM. High-dose melatonin enhanced atherosclerotic plaque stability in ApoE mice in vivo by inducing the expression of P4Hα1, which was reversed by MTM.

We propose that melatonin supplementation may provide a novel and promising approach to atherosclerosis treatment.