Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

71.9K
Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
71.9K
Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor03:08

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

36.6K
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...
36.6K
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

15.8K
In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
15.8K
Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium01:24

Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium

2.1K
Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
2.1K
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

1.2K
Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
1.2K
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

1.0K
Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting,...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Interplay between Interfacial Solvation and Surface Kinetics Tunes the Selectivity between Hydrogen Evolution and Zinc Electrodeposition.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Cation-Induced Interphasial Viscosity Variations on Gold Electrocatalysts in Nanoconfined Aqueous Electrolytes.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Cation-Surface Interactions During Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Probed by Surface X‑ray Diffraction.

ACS physical chemistry Au·2026
Same author

Disentangling multistep kinetics by combining electrochemical Arrhenius analysis with micro-kinetic modelling.

Faraday discussions·2026
Same author

Sn catalyst reconstruction and microenvironment modulation for efficient amino acid electrosynthesis via C-N coupling.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Synergistic Cu nanoparticles and Cu single atoms leveraging hydrogen spillover for selective CO electroreduction to acetate.

Chemical science·2026
Same journal

Design Principles for Negative Thermal Expansion in Two-Dimensional Materials.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Main Group Redox Catalysis: New Frontiers with Germanium and Tin.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Taming Irreversibility in sp<sup>2</sup>-Carbon-Conjugated COFs from Polycrystalline Powders to Single Crystals and Thin Films.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Electroactive Imidazolium Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Calix[4]resorcinarene-Based Porous Organic Cages: Synthesis and Applications.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
Same journal

Light-Driven Dual Rotary Molecular Motors and Beyond.

Accounts of chemical research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy
05:54

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.7K

Structure- and Electrolyte-Sensitivity in CO2 Electroreduction.

Rosa M Arán-Ais1,2, Dunfeng Gao1,2, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya2

  • 1Department of Physics , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|October 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) offers a sustainable energy solution. Optimizing electrocatalyst structure and electrolyte composition is key to improving CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) efficiency and selectivity.

More Related Videos

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

22.3K
Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
10:36

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Published on: April 12, 2018

12.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy
05:54

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.7K
Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

22.3K
Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
10:36

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Published on: April 12, 2018

12.0K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Fossil fuel reliance causes environmental issues like global warming due to increased atmospheric CO2.
  • Renewable energy sources are intermittent, necessitating efficient energy storage solutions.
  • Electrochemical CO2 conversion (CO2RR) is a promising strategy for sustainable fuel and chemical production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore recent advances in nanostructured electrocatalysts for CO2RR.
  • To understand the mechanistic factors influencing CO2RR activity and selectivity.
  • To highlight the crucial roles of catalyst structure and electrolyte composition in CO2RR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on nanostructured catalysts for CO2RR.
  • Analysis of structure-dependent and electrolyte-dependent factors in CO2RR.
  • Emphasis on in situ and operando characterization techniques for mechanistic studies.

Main Results:

  • Catalyst structure (e.g., crystal orientation, defects, composition) significantly impacts CO2RR activity and selectivity.
  • Electrolyte composition near the electrode surface plays a vital role in reaction kinetics and product distribution.
  • Dynamic changes in catalyst structure and surface composition under reaction conditions influence performance.

Conclusions:

  • Rational design of nanostructured electrocatalysts, considering structure-activity relationships, is essential for efficient CO2RR.
  • Modifying electrolyte composition offers an alternative strategy to tune CO2RR performance.
  • In situ/operando studies are critical for a comprehensive understanding of CO2RR mechanisms and optimizing catalysts.