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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

921
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
921
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

17.9K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
17.9K
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

690
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
690
Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

4.6K
When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
4.6K
Resistance01:19

Resistance

6.0K
When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
6.0K
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

17.2K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
17.2K

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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films
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Hydration Layer Structure of Biofouling-Resistant Nanoparticles.

Paul J Molino1,2, Dan Yang1,2, Matthew Penna1,3

  • 1ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.

ACS Nano
|October 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New antifouling coatings utilize hydrophilic surface chemistry to bind water, creating a protective layer that resists protein adsorption and fouling. This water layer

Keywords:
antifoulingfrequency modulation−atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM)glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS)hydration forcesinterfacial watermolecular dynamics (MD) simulationssilica nanoparticles (SiNPs)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Hydrophilic surfaces bind water, resisting protein adsorption and fouling.
  • The structure-function relationship of interfacial water in antifouling coatings is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize robust, cost-effective antifouling coatings.
  • To elucidate the role of interfacial water structure in antifouling performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of hydrophilic, epoxy organosilane modified silica nanoparticle coatings.
  • Frequency modulation-atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) for direct observation of interfacial water.
  • All-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations for validation and structural prediction.

Main Results:

  • Developed coatings exhibit broad-ranging, ultralow fouling against proteins, bacteria, and fungal spores.
  • FM-AFM and MD simulations revealed similar interfacial water layer structures on original and coated surfaces.
  • Identified a connective, quasi-stable layer of dynamic interfacial water as the basis for antifouling.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrophilic surface chemistries can create effective antifouling properties through controlled interfacial water structuring.
  • The findings provide a mechanistic understanding of ultrathin, hydrophilic antifouling coatings.
  • Demonstrated a practical application of understanding interfacial water dynamics for advanced material design.