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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Dissonance01:38

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Mild Cognitive Impairment in Geriatrics.

Eric G Tangalos1, Ronald C Petersen1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
|October 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is crucial for patients and families to understand functional limits. Early identification aids in developing strategies to maximize function and explore potential reversible causes.

Keywords:
Biomarkers in Alzheimer diseaseCognitionFunctional impairmentMCIMild cognitive impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatrics
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical diagnosis.
  • Distinguishing MCI from normal aging requires understanding baseline function and new complaints.
  • Geriatricians frequently encounter MCI across various long-term care settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of diagnosing mild cognitive impairment.
  • To inform patients and families about functional limitations and management strategies.
  • To discuss the diverse etiologies of MCI and the potential for reversible outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis through history and neurologic examination.
  • Screening mental status examinations.
  • Secondary testing to aid diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis of MCI helps patients and families understand limitations.
  • Diagnosis facilitates the development of strategies to maximize function.
  • Recognizing MCI allows for the investigation of underlying causes.

Conclusions:

  • Mild cognitive impairment diagnosis is essential for patient and family support.
  • Etiologies of MCI are varied, including degenerative, vascular, psychiatric, and comorbid medical conditions.
  • Treatable conditions presenting as MCI may have reversible outcomes.