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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Probability Laws01:49

Probability Laws

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Alleviating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Safe and Effective Auricular Acupuncture
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Author Spotlight: Alleviating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Safe and Effective Auricular Acupuncture

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Woman with recurrent vomiting.

Ying-Kuo Liu1, Chun-Lin Kuo1,2, Chin-Wang Hsu1,2

  • 1Emergency Department, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ
|October 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 69-year-old woman experienced persistent vomiting, leading to electrolyte imbalances. Further diagnostic imaging was required to determine the most appropriate management for her continuous symptoms.

Keywords:
chest radiographcomputed tomographyhiatal hernialaparoscopic repairparaesophageal hiatal hernia (PEH)

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • A 69-year-old female presented with a three-week history of recurrent vomiting.
  • Initial assessment revealed hyponatremia and hypokalemia, with normal vital signs except for tachycardia.
  • Electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia and first-degree atrioventricular block.

Observation:

  • Physical examination noted mild epigastric tenderness without guarding.
  • Laboratory results indicated electrolyte disturbances: sodium 128 mmol/L, potassium 2.7 mmol/L.
  • A posteroanterior chest radiograph was performed.

Findings:

  • The patient's persistent vomiting and electrolyte imbalances necessitated further investigation.
  • The differential diagnosis for prolonged vomiting in this demographic includes various gastrointestinal and systemic causes.
  • Diagnostic imaging is crucial for identifying the underlying etiology.

Implications:

  • Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management of prolonged vomiting.
  • Appropriate diagnostic choices, such as abdominal ultrasonography, CT, barium swallow, or EGD, depend on clinical suspicion.
  • Timely intervention can prevent complications associated with dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.