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Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Metallo-polyelectrolytes as a class of ionic macromolecules for functional materials.

Tianyu Zhu¹, Ye Sha¹, Jing Yan²

¹Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.

Nature Communications

|October 20, 2018

Summary

Metallo-polyelectrolytes, combining metals and polymers, offer unique properties for advanced materials. Further research is needed to overcome challenges in their analysis and modeling.

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Area of Science:

Polymer Science
Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Metallopolymers, a fusion of metals and organic frameworks, are key in macromolecular science.
Metallo-polyelectrolytes are a subclass of metallopolymers featuring charged groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the unique properties and functions of metallo-polyelectrolytes.
To compare metallo-polyelectrolytes with conventional organo-polyelectrolytes.
To explore potential applications and benefits of these functional materials.

Main Methods:

Literature review of metallopolymers and metallo-polyelectrolytes.
Comparative analysis of properties between metallo-polyelectrolytes and organo-polyelectrolytes.

Main Results:

Metallo-polyelectrolytes exhibit distinct characteristics compared to their non-metallic counterparts.
These materials hold promise for developing novel functional materials.

Conclusions:

Metallo-polyelectrolytes present intriguing possibilities for advanced material applications.
Significant challenges remain in quantitative experimental analysis and theoretical modeling of ionic binding in these systems.