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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Advanced prosthetic devices require sophisticated control strategies.
  • Myoelectric control often utilizes residual limb muscle activity.
  • Phantom limb movements (PLM) present a potential, yet underexplored, control source.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize upper limb phantom limb movements (PLM) in amputees.
  • To investigate factors influencing PLM.
  • To assess the trainability of PLM for prosthetic control.

Main Methods:

  • Semi-directed interviews with 76 below- and above-elbow amputees.
  • Data collection on PLM types, characteristics, and influencing factors.
  • A training program for a subset of participants to assess PLM trainability.

Main Results:

  • Thirteen distinct PLM types involving hand, wrist, and elbow were identified.
  • 76% of amputees could perform at least one PLM, many performing multiple.
  • Amputation level, time since amputation, chronic pain, and prosthesis use did not significantly influence PLM.
  • A PLM training program improved movement endurance and speed in participants.

Conclusions:

  • Upper limb phantom limb movements (PLM) are prevalent and diverse in amputees.
  • PLM are trainable, showing potential for enhanced prosthetic control.
  • Further research into PLM-based muscle activation patterns is warranted for advanced prosthetics.