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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Brain microstructural alterations in type 2 diabetes: diffusion kurtosis imaging provides added value to diffusion

Ying Xiong1, Yi Sui2,3, Shun Zhang1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.

European Radiology
|October 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Diffusion kurtosis imaging reveals more widespread brain microstructural changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients than traditional DTI. Mean kurtosis alterations correlate with disease severity and cognitive function, offering potential biomarkers for diabetic encephalopathy.

Keywords:
Diffusion kurtosis imagingDiffusion tensor imagingGray matterType 2 diabetes mellitusWhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Radiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with neurological complications.
  • Diabetic encephalopathy involves microstructural brain changes.
  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has limitations in detecting subtle alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain microstructural changes in white and gray matter of T2DM patients.
  • To compare the sensitivity of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) with DTI metrics.
  • To explore correlations between microstructural changes and clinical parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) with high b-values (0, 1250, 2500 s/mm²) was performed on 30 T2DM patients and 28 controls.
  • Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and atlas-based region of interest (ROI) analyses were used.
  • Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (K∥), and radial kurtosis (K⊥) were quantified.
  • Correlations between MK and clinical data (disease duration, neuropsychological scores) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • DKI detected microstructural abnormalities in a higher percentage of white matter regions compared to DTI metrics (e.g., MK: 35.4% vs. FA: 29.6%, MD: 30.4%).
  • Mean kurtosis (MK) reduction was primarily driven by decreased radial kurtosis (K⊥).
  • MK identified more affected gray matter ROIs (27/48) than FA (13/48) and MD (17/48), with decreased MK in the thalamus and caudate.
  • MK changes correlated negatively with disease duration and positively with neuropsychological scores.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion kurtosis imaging is more sensitive than DTI in detecting white and gray matter microstructural alterations in T2DM patients.
  • Mean kurtosis alterations are linked to disease severity and cognitive impairment in T2DM.
  • DKI shows promise as a biomarker for assessing cognitive deficits and monitoring disease progression in diabetic encephalopathy.