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Radial System Protection

Radial System Protection

Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...

Joints

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...

Contact Angle

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye

Published on: October 31, 2019

Joint Contact Changes With Undersized Prosthetic Radial Heads.

Daniel R Bachman¹, Sangeun Park, Sutee Thaveepunsan

¹Department of Orthopedics, Biomechanics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma

|October 20, 2018

Summary

Undersizing radial head implants by 2 mm can significantly reduce joint contact pressures, particularly for the Evolve prosthesis. This technique may improve outcomes for both Anatomic and Evolve radial head replacements.

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye

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Published on: July 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Biomechanical engineering
Medical device design

Background:

Radial head fractures are common elbow injuries.
Prosthetic radial head replacement is a common treatment.
Implant sizing is critical for optimal joint function.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of intentional undersizing of prosthetic radial head implant diameters on radiocapitellar joint contact pressures.
To compare the effects of undersizing on two different radial head prosthesis designs.

Main Methods:

Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric elbows were tested under a 100 N load.
Radiocapitellar contact pressures were measured using a thin-film pressure sensor.
Prosthetic radial head replacement was performed using two designs, each sized normally and then undersized by 2 mm.

Main Results:

Both Evolve and Anatomic radial head prostheses showed reduced peak pressures when undersized.
The Evolve prosthesis demonstrated significant reductions in both mean and peak pressures with undersizing.
Mean pressures for the Anatomic prosthesis were not significantly affected by undersizing, but peak pressures decreased.

Conclusions:

Intentional undersizing of radial head prostheses, particularly the Evolve design, can effectively reduce joint contact pressures.
These findings support current clinical practices of undersizing the Evolve prosthesis and suggest considering it for the Anatomic prosthesis as well.