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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Oxygen Delivering System III: Tracheostomy and T-piece01:23

Oxygen Delivering System III: Tracheostomy and T-piece

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Oxygen delivery is critical in clinical care, especially for patients with respiratory disorders or those undergoing surgical procedures. Various systems, such as tracheostomy and the T-piece, deliver oxygen to the lungs, ensuring adequate arterial oxygenation.
Tracheostomy
A tracheostomy is a surgically created opening (stoma) in the anterior part of the trachea. It is used to establish a patient airway, bypass an upper airway obstruction, simplify the removal of secretions, permit long-term...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask01:26

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

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The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...
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Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock Out GM-CSF in CAR-T Cells
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Different Methods of Delivering CRISPR/Cas9 Into Cells.

Arun Pandian Chandrasekaran1, Minjung Song2, Kye-Seong Kim3

  • 1Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|October 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing offers powerful tools for molecular medicine and agriculture. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery shows promise in overcoming challenges associated with CRISPR/Cas9 delivery methods.

Keywords:
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeatsDelivery methodsGene modificationGuide RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system (Cas) provides prokaryotic immunity.
  • CRISPR/Cas9 technology requires guide RNA (gRNA) for target DNA recognition.
  • Genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9 is a significant area of research in medicine and agriculture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various CRISPR/Cas9 and gRNA delivery methods.
  • To highlight the limitations of current delivery approaches.
  • To suggest alternative methods for effective CRISPR/Cas9 delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of viral, non-viral, and physical delivery techniques for CRISPR/Cas9 components.
  • Analysis of plasmid and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery systems.
  • Review of delivery methods for various cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Delivery challenges include large plasmid size and high chemical dosage.
  • In vivo delivery faces hurdles like insertional mutagenesis, targeting, immunogenicity, and off-target effects.
  • CRISPR/Cas9-RNP delivery emerges as a potential solution to overcome these challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Various CRISPR/Cas9 delivery methods exist, each with limitations.
  • Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery offers a promising alternative for overcoming in vivo delivery challenges.
  • Further research into optimized delivery strategies is crucial for advancing CRISPR/Cas9 applications.