Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
Published on: December 19, 2018
Oestrogen receptor alpha, growth hormone receptor, and developmental defect of enamel
Juliana Arid1, Daniela B Oliveira2, Silvane S Evangelista1
1Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Background:
Oestrogen (ES) and growth hormone (GH) are hormones that may have a role in caries aetiology and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) since their receptors (ERs and GHR) are expressed during amelogenesis.
Aim:
To evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms in the genes that codify the ERα (ESR1) and GHR are associated with caries experience and DDE in children.
Design:
Two hundred and sixteen children of both genders, aged 9-12 years, were examined and classified according to caries and DDE phenotype. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal cells in saliva. Genetic polymorphisms in ERS1 (rs1884051 and rs12154178) and GHR (rs297305, rs2940913, rs2910875, and rs1509460) were genotyped using TaqMan chemistry. Data were analysed by PLINK, while the chi-square test was used to compare allele and genotype distributions (alpha of 5%).
Results:
A total of 131 children (60.7%) had caries experience, and 43 (19.9%) presented DDE. Genotype and allele distributions were not associated with caries experience (P > 0.05). Genotype and allele distributions between DDE, affected and unaffected, were associated with the polymorphism rs12154178 in ESR1 (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively) and with the polymorphism rs1509460 in GHR (P = 0.05 and P = 0.02, respectively).
Conclusions:
Genetic polymorphisms in ERS1 (rs12154178) and GHR (rs1509460) are associated with DDE.
Related Concept Videos
Intracellular Hormone Receptors
Internal Receptors
G-protein Coupled Receptors
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Enzyme-linked Receptors
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...

