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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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What is a Sensory System?01:31

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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat
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[Cerebral neurosarcoidosis].

Maha Ait Berri1, Abdelhadi Rouimi1

  • 1Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Militaire Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Maroc.

The Pan African Medical Journal
|October 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights sarcoidosis presenting as optic neuropathy. Early diagnosis via MRI, CSF, and CT scans, alongside high ACE levels, led to effective corticosteroid treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown origin.
  • Neurologic involvement occurs in 5-15% of sarcoidosis cases, often presenting as meningoencephalitis or cranial nerve palsies.
  • Optic neuropathy is a less common but significant neurological manifestation.

Observation:

  • A 37-year-old patient presented with right optic neuropathy.
  • MRI revealed T2 hypersignal lesions enhanced with gadolinium.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphocytic meningitis with elevated protein; chest CT suggested sarcoidosis (Stage 2) with elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

Findings:

  • The patient's presentation, imaging, and laboratory results were consistent with neurosarcoidosis.
Keywords:
MRISarcoidosisneurology

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  • Magnetic resonance imaging findings included T2 hypersignal and gadolinium enhancement.
  • Elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels supported the diagnosis.

    • Implications:

    • Early diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is crucial for timely intervention.
    • Corticosteroid therapy is an effective first-line treatment for neurosarcoidosis.
    • This case underscores the importance of considering sarcoidosis in patients with unexplained optic neuropathy and neurological symptoms.