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What is animal happiness?

Laura E Webb1, Ruut Veenhoven2,3, Jes Lynning Harfeld4

  • 1Animal Production Systems Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

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Summary

Defining animal happiness is crucial for assessing animal well-being. This study proposes that animal happiness is a typical level of positive affect, offering a framework for its assessment.

Keywords:
affect balanceanimal welfarehuman happinesstypical level of affect

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Welfare Science
  • Ethology
  • Animal Psychology

Background:

  • Growing concern for nonhuman animal quality of life necessitates methods to assess thriving.
  • Shift in research focus from minimizing negative states (e.g., stress) to promoting positive states (e.g., happiness).
  • The concept of 'animal happiness' lacks a clear, operational definition despite increasing interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate a clear concept of animal happiness.
  • To propose viable methods for assessing animal happiness.
  • To address the need for understanding positive emotional states in animals.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of human and animal literature on emotion and well-being.
  • Conceptual analysis to define animal happiness.
  • Development of a framework for assessing subjective affective states in animals.

Main Results:

  • Animal happiness is conceptualized as a typical or general level of positive affect.
  • A framework is proposed for measuring this typical affective state.
  • Distinguishes happiness from transient emotional experiences.

Conclusions:

  • A precise definition of animal happiness is essential for advancing animal welfare science.
  • Assessing typical affective states provides a robust measure of how well animals are thriving.
  • This work provides a foundation for future research into positive animal experiences and welfare.