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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
Published on: October 15, 2021
Inflammatory responses after intracerebral hemorrhage: From cellular function to therapeutic targets
Xi Lan1, Xiaoning Han1, Xi Liu1,2
11 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
None:
Inflammatory responses occur rapidly after intracerebral hemorrhage and participate in both short-term toxicity and long-term recovery. Microglia/macrophages react to hemorrhagic injury and exhibit dynamic phenotypes and phagocytic capability. Astrocytes secrete cytokines, chemokines, and gliotransmitters that can regulate neuroinflammation. In addition, infiltrating neutrophils and T-lymphocytes modulate immunoreactions, which further cross-talk with microglia/macrophages. Thus, the search for effective immunotherapy to target specific cell type-mediated inflammation might represent a new direction for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment, separate from traditional anti-inflammatory drug discovery.
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