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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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Pulse rhythm01:30

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila
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[Sleep and circadian rhythms].

Line Pickering1, Eva Wiberg Thorstensen, Casper Riedel

  • 1poul.joergen.jennum@regionh.dk.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|October 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Optimal sleep requires the alignment of the sleep-wake regulatory system and the circadian rhythm generating system. These brain networks, involving the hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus, interact to prevent sleep disturbances.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • The classical two-process model integrates the sleep-wake regulatory system and the circadian rhythm generating system.
  • These systems are crucial for maintaining optimal sleep and overall health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the interaction between the sleep-wake regulatory system and the circadian rhythm generating system.
  • To highlight the brain regions involved in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the classical two-process model of sleep regulation.
  • Integration of knowledge on the neuroanatomical basis of sleep and circadian rhythms.

Main Results:

  • The sleep-wake and circadian systems must be aligned for optimal sleep.

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  • The hypothalamus, particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus, plays a central role in both systems.
  • The thalamus, basal forebrain, and brainstem are also key components of the sleep-wake system.

    • Conclusions:

    • Proper alignment of the sleep-wake and circadian systems is essential for preventing sleep disturbances.
    • Dysregulation of these integrated brain networks can lead to various sleep disorders.