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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes
Published on: June 15, 2017
Production of Transgenic Mice by Pronuclear Microinjection
Xin-An Pu1, Anthony P Young2, H Michael Kubisch3
1Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Genetically Engineered Mouse Model Core (GEMMC), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. pu.7@osu.edu.
Abstract:
Pronuclear microinjection remains the most widely used method for the germline modification of mice and other species. The method is conceptually quite simple and at least in rodents can produce transgenic offspring with relatively high efficiency. Here, we describe the various components of the production of transgenic mice including a detailed list of materials and equipment. We outline in detail the preparation of animals, the retrieval, culture and transfer of embryos, the preparation of DNA, and the microinjection process. We have added a substantial collection of notes with helpful suggestions that reflect the many years of experience we have using this technology and our continuing efforts to improve animal welfare and the efficiency of producing transgenics.
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