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What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area.
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Identification of Critical Conditions for Immunostaining in the Pea Aphid Embryos: Increasing Tissue Permeability and Decreasing Background Staining

Identification of Critical Conditions for Immunostaining in the Pea Aphid Embryos: Increasing Tissue Permeability and Decreasing Background Staining

Published on: February 2, 2016

Biochar applications decrease reproductive potential of the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae and upregulate

Yong Chen¹, Ran Li¹, Baoping Li¹

¹College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.

Pest Management Science

|October 25, 2018

Summary

Biochar soil amendments negatively impact English grain aphid reproduction and population growth. This effect is linked to increased silicon content and enhanced defense gene expression in wheat plants, suggesting biochar primes plant defenses against pests.

Keywords:

Aphididae biochar application herbivory-induced resistance phloem-feeding silicon induction

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Agronomy
Soil Science

Background:

Biochar application is a growing strategy for managing herbivorous pests.
The English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) is a significant agricultural pest.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of biochar amendments on the reproductive performance of Sitobion avenae.
To examine the influence of biochar and aphid feeding on wheat defense-related gene expression.

Main Methods:

Wheat plants were amended with varying levels of biochar.
Aphid reproductive parameters and population dynamics were assessed.
Silicon content and the expression of defense genes (AOS, LOX, PAL, PR) in wheat were measured.

Main Results:

Biochar amendments significantly decreased aphid lifetime fertility and population size.
Wheat plants treated with biochar showed over a 40% increase in silicon content.
Biochar application enhanced the expression of four key defense-related genes in wheat.

Conclusions:

Biochar amendments have detrimental effects on aphid reproductive potential in wheat.
These effects are likely mediated by biochar-induced enhancement of plant defense mechanisms against aphid feeding.