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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

196.7K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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A System for Gene Expression Noise Control in Yeast.

Max Mundt1,2, Alexander Anders1,2, Seán M Murray1,2

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology , 35043 Marburg , Germany.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|October 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a "noise tuner" to control gene expression noise by independently adjusting transcription and mRNA degradation rates. This tool allows precise manipulation of noise levels, enhancing synthetic biology circuits and understanding natural gene networks.

Keywords:
gene expression noisemating pathwayregulationsynthetic biologyyeast

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression noise, arising from molecular stochasticity, causes cell-to-cell variability in protein levels.
  • This variability can impair the function of biological networks, both natural and engineered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a tool for orthogonal control of gene expression noise.
  • To decouple mean protein expression levels from noise levels.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a "noise tuner" system with two inducer molecules for independent control of transcription and mRNA degradation rates.
  • Combined experimental approaches with theoretical analysis.
  • Applied the noise tuner to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pathway.

Main Results:

  • Achieved orthogonal control over transcription and mRNA degradation rates.
  • Demonstrated that transcription rate primarily determines noise, while mean expression depends on both transcription and mRNA stability.
  • Showed a 2-fold change in gene expression noise over a 5-fold range of mean protein levels.
  • Successfully modulated noise and mutual information in a complex regulatory network.

Conclusions:

  • The noise tuner provides effective control over gene expression noise.
  • This tool can be used to probe noise sensitivity in natural systems and improve synthetic circuit performance.