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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Related Experiment Video

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Cryosectioning of Contiguous Regions of a Single Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Gene Expression and Histological Analyses
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Time-dependent gene expression analysis after mouse skeletal muscle contusion.

Weihua Xiao1, Yu Liu1,2, Beibei Luo1

  • 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.

Journal of Sport and Health Science
|October 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Muscle contusion injury triggers a rapid increase in immune and satellite cell gene expression within 3 days, with recovery observed in 2 weeks. Key factors like chemokines and HGF drive this regeneration process.

Keywords:
ChemokinesContusionCytokinesGeneMacrophagesSatellite cellsSkeletal muscle

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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Muscle contusion is a common sports injury with poorly understood regeneration mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration following contusion injury.

Main Methods:

  • Muscle contusion was induced in 72 mice, with gastrocnemius muscles harvested at various time points.
  • Hematoxylin and eosin staining assessed muscle morphology.
  • Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyzed gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression of immune cells, satellite cells, and regeneration factors significantly increased within 3 days post-injury.
  • Specific chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10) and HGF showed altered expression patterns.
  • Most gene expressions returned to baseline levels by 14 days post-injury.

Conclusions:

  • Neutrophils, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages sequentially infiltrate the injury site.
  • Chemokines likely mediate immune cell migration, while HGF may activate satellite cells.
  • Complete recovery from acute contusion injury, as studied, takes approximately 2 weeks.