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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Alterations in Bladder Cancer.

Sima P Porten1

  • 1Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), Mailbox Code 1695, 550 16th Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. sima.porten@ucsf.edu.

Current Urology Reports
|October 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic alterations are common in bladder cancer, with high-grade tumors showing distinct methylation patterns. These epigenetic changes offer potential for new biomarkers and therapies for bladder cancer.

Keywords:
Bladder cancerChromatinEpigeneticsHistonesMethylationNon-coding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Epigenetics involves gene expression changes without DNA alteration.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly vital in cancer biology and research.
  • This review focuses on epigenetic dysregulation specifically in bladder cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the potential of epigenetic modifications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on epigenetics in bladder cancer.
  • Analysis of epigenetic alterations across different bladder cancer grades and stages.
  • Integration of genomic analyses to understand epigenetic impacts.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic alterations are prevalent across bladder cancer types and stages.
  • High-grade tumors exhibit significant methylation with potentially unique patterns.
  • Environmental factors can influence epigenetic changes independently of genomic alterations.
  • Non-coding RNAs are crucial in cancer phenotype and integrative genomic analyses.
  • DNA hypermethylation and non-coding RNAs show promise as bladder cancer biomarkers.
  • Chromatin and histone modifications are emerging as therapeutic targets in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic dysregulation is key to understanding bladder cancer development.
  • Integrative genomic analyses are crucial for deeper insights.
  • Further validation is needed for epigenetic biomarkers.
  • Epigenetic pathways offer promising targets for bladder cancer diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and treatment.