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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

A solenoid is a conducting wire coated with an insulating material, wound tightly in the form of a helical coil. The magnetic field due to a solenoid is the vector sum of the magnetic fields due to its individual turns. Therefore, for an ideal solenoid, the magnetic field within the solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns per unit length and the current. Conversely, the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Consider a solenoid with 100 turns wrapped around a cylinder of...

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:

Energy In A Magnetic Field

Energy In A Magnetic Field

If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
Take an ideal inductor with zero resistance. Although it's practically impossible, assume that the coil's resistance is so small that it is practically negligible. The loss of the field's energy to dissipate thermal energy (or heat) is thus...

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Published on: July 8, 2016

Completely stopping microwaves with extremely enhanced magnetic fields.

Qian Shen^1,2, Lujun Hong¹, Xiaohua Deng¹

¹Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.

Scientific Reports

|October 27, 2018

Summary

This study introduces a novel 3D waveguide for one-way microwave propagation, immune to backscattering. This design enables efficient wave trapping and significant magnetic field enhancement for advanced sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

Electromagnetics
Waveguide Theory
Photonics

Background:

One-way propagation is crucial for preventing signal degradation and enabling novel device functionalities.
Existing waveguide designs often suffer from backscattering, limiting their efficiency and applicability.
Controlling wave propagation and enhancing magnetic fields in microwave systems remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically propose and investigate a three-dimensional (3D) microwave waveguide with complete one-way propagation.
To demonstrate the capability of stopping one-way propagating waves without backscattering using a metal slab termination.
To explore the generation of enhanced magnetic fields and subwavelength wave packet compression within the proposed waveguide system.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of a 3D microwave waveguide configuration.
Investigation of the one-way propagation band and backscattering immunity.
Simulation of wave trapping, magnetic field enhancement, and wave packet compression using a metal slab termination.

Main Results:

A complete one-way propagation band was identified, allowing directional wave propagation immune to backscattering.
One-way propagating waves were successfully stopped at a metal slab termination without any backscattering.
A hotspot with extremely enhanced magnetic-field amplitude was generated, and trapped wave packets were compressed to deep subwavelength scales.
Lateral tapering of the waveguide was shown to further increase magnetic field enhancement.

Conclusions:

The proposed 3D waveguide offers robust one-way microwave propagation, immune to backscattering.
The system facilitates efficient microwave trapping, leading to significant magnetic field enhancement and wave packet compression.
This approach holds promise for applications in magnetic sensing and magnetic non-linearity.