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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Hemoperfusion and hemofiltration are critical techniques in medical treatments to eliminate accumulated drugs, metabolites, and electrolytes from the bloodstream. These methods are particularly vital in cases of accidental poisoning and drug overdose.Hemoperfusion involves passing blood through an adsorbent material to remove unwanted substances. The main adsorbents used in hemoperfusion include activated charcoal and Amberlite resins. Activated charcoal can adsorb both polar and nonpolar...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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Caries removal in primary teeth using Papacarie.

Falk Schwendicke1

  • 1Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.

Evidence-Based Dentistry
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Papacarie, an enzyme-based method, effectively removes more bacteria and reduces pain during primary molar caries removal in children. However, this method requires a longer treatment time compared to conventional techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Biomaterials in Dentistry
  • Evidence-Based Dentistry

Background:

  • Dental caries is a prevalent issue in primary molars among children and adolescents.
  • Conventional carious tissue removal methods can be associated with pain and incomplete bacterial clearance.
  • Enzyme-based chemomechanical methods offer an alternative approach to caries removal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of Papacarie, an enzyme-based chemomechanical method, with conventional techniques for carious tissue removal in primary molars.
  • To evaluate outcomes including bacterial counts, pain levels, and treatment duration.
  • To synthesize evidence from randomized and controlled clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science).
  • Randomized and controlled clinical trials comparing Papacarie with conventional methods for caries removal in primary molars were selected.
  • Data on bacterial counts (log10 CFU), pain (Wong-Baker scale), and treatment time were extracted and meta-analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Papacarie-based removal resulted in significantly lower bacterial counts post-treatment (MD 0.57 log10 CFU).
  • A significant reduction in pain was observed in the Papacarie group compared to conventional methods (-1.01 on Wong-Baker scale).
  • Carious tissue removal using Papacarie took significantly longer (mean difference of 200.8 seconds).

Conclusions:

  • Papacarie is an efficacious method for reducing bacteria and pain during carious tissue removal in primary molars.
  • The enzyme-based chemomechanical approach demonstrates superior outcomes in terms of bacterial reduction and patient comfort.
  • Clinicians should consider the increased treatment time associated with Papacarie when selecting a caries removal method.