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Sexual dimorphism in solid and hematological malignancies.
Isabel Ben-Batalla1,2, María Elena Vargas-Delgado1,2, Lara Meier1,2
1Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
Seminars in Immunopathology
|October 27, 2018
Summary
Cancer incidence and outcomes show significant sex differences, particularly in leukemia. This review explores the biological mechanisms and clinical implications, emphasizing the need to consider sex in cancer research and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Cancer is a major global health concern with increasing incidence worldwide.
- Many cancers, including solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, exhibit significant sex-based disparities in incidence and mortality.
- These sex differences are observed across various cancer types, necessitating further investigation into underlying mechanisms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of sex differences in cancer, with a specific focus on leukemia.
- To explore the potential biological mechanisms contributing to sex-biased cancer incidence and outcomes.
- To discuss the impact of sex differences on cancer treatment response, particularly to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies investigating sex differences in cancer.
- Analysis of data on cancer incidence, mortality, and treatment response stratified by sex.
- Discussion of proposed biological mechanisms including sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and immune system variations.
Main Results:
- Males generally exhibit higher incidence and mortality rates for many cancer types compared to females.
- Sex differences influence the pathobiology of various cancers, including leukemia.
- Sex disparities are evident in responses to cancer therapies, notably immune checkpoint blockers.
Conclusions:
- Sex is a critical factor influencing cancer development, progression, and treatment efficacy.
- Understanding the biological underpinnings of sex differences is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
- Clinical trial designs must incorporate sex as a variable to ensure equitable and effective cancer care for all individuals.
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