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Published on: February 22, 2019
Sexual dimorphism in solid and hematological malignancies
Isabel Ben-Batalla1,2, María Elena Vargas-Delgado1,2, Lara Meier1,2
1Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
Abstract:
Cancer represents a leading cause of death with continuously increasing incidence worldwide. Many solid cancer types in non-reproductive organs are significantly more frequent and deadly in males compared to females. This sex-biased difference is also present in hematologic malignancies. In this review, we present an overview about sex differences in cancer with a focus on leukemia. We discuss mechanisms potentially underlying the observed sex-biased imbalance in cancer incidence and outcome including sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and immune responses. Besides affecting the pathobiology of cancers, sex differences can also influence drug responses, most notably those to immune checkpoint blockers. Therefore, sex should become a relevant factor in clinical trial design in order to avoid over- or under-treatment of one sex.
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