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Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
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Sex differences in tuberculosis.

David Hertz1, Bianca Schneider2

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|October 27, 2018
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Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects men globally. This review explores the complex biological and sociocultural factors contributing to higher TB rates in males compared to females.

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InflammationMale biasMouse modelsSex differencesSusceptibilityTuberculosis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, surpassing HIV/AIDS.
  • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB infects approximately two billion people worldwide, resulting in over 1.5 million annual deaths.
  • A significant global disparity exists, with men exhibiting substantially higher TB rates than women (male-to-female case notification ratio of 1.7).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying reasons for the observed gender disparity in tuberculosis incidence.
  • To discuss the complex interplay of biological (sex-related) and sociocultural (gender-related) factors contributing to higher TB rates in men.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on tuberculosis epidemiology and gender/sex differences.
  • Analysis of reported male-to-female ratios for TB case notifications across diverse global settings.
  • Discussion of biological and sociocultural determinants influencing TB susceptibility and progression in males.

Main Results:

  • The higher incidence of TB in men is a long-standing, globally observed phenomenon.
  • The precise causes of this gender bias are not fully understood and remain a subject of scientific debate.
  • Both biological sex differences and gender-related sociocultural factors are implicated in the elevated TB rates among men.

Conclusions:

  • The gender disparity in tuberculosis prevalence is multifactorial, involving both biological and sociocultural elements.
  • Further research is crucial to elucidate the specific mechanisms driving higher TB rates in men.
  • Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted public health interventions to address gender inequities in TB control.