Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Bell Curve01:21

The Bell Curve

865
The normal probability distribution, often depicted as a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, is fundamental in statistics and the study of natural phenomena. This pattern, famously described by mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, shows how data points are distributed around a central mean, with most values near the average and fewer observations occurring as they deviate further from it.
This pattern applies to many human characteristics beyond intelligence, such as height. For example, if you...
865
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

10.6K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
10.6K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

3.1K
3.1K
Conversion of Units01:36

Conversion of Units

36.4K
Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
The first step in the unit conversion is to list the given units and the units required...
36.4K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

9.8K
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
9.8K
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

17.8K
A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
17.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Decoy state-based time synchronization.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Distinguishing thermal and pseudothermal light by testing the Siegert relation.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Proper and Improper Mixed States Serve as Different Prior Beliefs for Quantum State Retrodiction.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Localized quasiparticles in a fluxonium with quasi-two-dimensional amorphous kinetic inductors.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Indistinguishability of arbitrary photons for entanglement generation in scalable quantum networks.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Performance comparison of quantum memories in cesium vapor cells with anti-relaxation coatings.

Optics express·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

15.0K

Randomness Extraction from Bell Violation with Continuous Parametric Down-Conversion.

Lijiong Shen1,2, Jianwei Lee1, Le Phuc Thinh1

  • 1Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543.

Physical Review Letters
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated a violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality without fair sampling. This breakthrough in quantum physics enables secure private randomness generation using photon pairs and superconducting detectors.

More Related Videos

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
10:35

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates

Published on: September 17, 2019

6.8K
Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart via Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique
04:52

Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart via Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique

Published on: September 13, 2022

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

15.0K
Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
10:35

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates

Published on: September 17, 2019

6.8K
Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart via Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique
04:52

Dynamic Continuous Blood Extraction from Rat Heart via Noninvasive Microdialysis Technique

Published on: September 13, 2022

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Optics
  • Experimental Quantum Physics

Background:

  • Bell's inequalities are crucial for testing quantum mechanics and detecting quantum correlations.
  • Previous demonstrations often relied on the 'fair sampling' assumption, limiting their applicability.
  • High-efficiency detectors and advanced photon sources are key to overcoming experimental challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality without the fair sampling assumption.
  • To explore the generation of private randomness from quantum correlations.
  • To characterize the performance of a continuously pumped photon pair source with superconducting detectors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a continuously pumped entangled photon pair source.
  • Employed two high-efficiency superconducting single-photon detectors.
  • Performed Bell tests by varying the duration of measurement rounds to control the number of photon pairs.

Main Results:

  • Observed a maximum violation of the CHSH inequality with S=2.016±0.002, without the fair sampling assumption.
  • Achieved an average of approximately 0.32 photon pairs per round, consistent with system detection efficiencies.
  • Calculated an asymptotic private randomness generation rate of approximately 1300 random bits/s.

Conclusions:

  • The experiment confirms quantum correlations beyond classical explanations without relying on fair sampling.
  • The system demonstrates a viable method for generating secure private randomness.
  • Future work can optimize randomness generation rates by balancing violation strength and measurement duration.