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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
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Chromatin accessibility dynamics across C. elegans development and ageing.

Jürgen Jänes1,2, Yan Dong1,2, Michael Schoof1,2

  • 1Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Elife
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists mapped regulatory elements in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans throughout its life. This reveals how gene transcription controls development and aging, identifying thousands of promoters and enhancers.

Keywords:
ATAC-seqC. eleganschromatin accessibilitychromosomesenhancergene expressiongeneticsgenomicspromoterregulatory element

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Understanding transcriptional regulation is crucial for deciphering development and physiology.
  • Global identification of regulatory elements is essential for mapping gene control networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create the first comprehensive map of regulatory elements across the entire lifespan of an animal model.
  • To characterize the function and dynamics of these elements during development and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nuclear transcription profiles to identify accessible regulatory elements in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • Defined and classified protein-coding promoters and putative enhancers based on transcriptional activity.
  • Analyzed changes in element accessibility throughout development and aging.

Main Results:

  • Identified 42,245 accessible regulatory elements in C. elegans.
  • Defined 15,714 protein-coding promoters and 19,231 putative enhancers, demonstrating orientation-independent transcription.
  • Discovered over 1000 promoters producing antisense transcripts, indicating a novel regulatory mechanism.
  • Observed dynamic changes in element accessibility linked to specific developmental and physiological processes.

Conclusions:

  • The generated map provides a foundational resource for studying transcriptional control of development and aging.
  • Regulatory element accessibility is dynamic and plays a key role in life processes.
  • The findings offer new insights into gene regulation, including antisense transcription.