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Related Concept Videos

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radicals01:27

Radicals

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice
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Developing a personalized template for lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy.

Ram A Pathak1, Ashok K Hemal1

  • 1Department of Urology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Translational Andrology and Urology
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lymph node dissection (LND) is crucial for staging prostate cancer (CaP) and guiding treatment. Evolving research and technology are refining LND strategies for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Radical prostatectomy (RP)individualized medicineindocyanine-green (ICG)laparoscopy, roboticlymph nodelymphadenectomyprostate cancer (CaP)

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Lymph node dissection (LND) is essential for determining lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer (CaP), impacting prognosis and therapy.
  • Current guidelines from major urological associations (AUA, EAU, NCCN) show inconsistencies regarding LND indications.
  • Understanding lymph node drainage patterns and LND extent is vital for managing CaP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and evolving strategies in lymph node dissection for prostate cancer.
  • To highlight advancements in nomograms, imaging, and surgical techniques for LND.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on lymph node dissection in prostate cancer.
  • Analysis of updated nomograms incorporating PSA parameters and genomic medicine.
  • Evaluation of newer imaging modalities and robotic surgery applications in LND.

Main Results:

  • Inconsistencies in LND guidelines necessitate a refined approach.
  • Advancements in nomograms and genomic medicine improve risk stratification.
  • Novel imaging and robotic surgery enhance the precision and personalization of LND.

Conclusions:

  • Lymph node dissection is a critical component in prostate cancer management.
  • Personalized LND approaches using advanced technologies offer improved safety, efficacy, and oncologic outcomes.