Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
Published on: January 27, 2018
A Systematic Review of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Dopa-responsive Dystonia (DRD) and DRD-Plus
Ryul Kim1, Beomseok Jeon1, Woong-Woo Lee2
1Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital College of Medicine Seoul Korea.
Background:
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and DRD-plus are inherited metabolic disorders of the dopamine synthetic pathway that have considerable clinical, biochemical, and genetic heterogeneity. Dopamine is the main deficient neurotransmitter; however, a deficiency in norepinephrine and serotonin can coexist, depending on the gene and its degree of defect. Therefore, even though levodopa is the mainstay of therapy, response to levodopa can be suboptimal and, thus, other drugs are tried.
Methods And Results:
The authors searched for reports of DRD and DRD-plus and reviewed the drugs used, their response and side effects, and neurologic outcomes, including motor and cognition. Based on the current results, a recommended treatment plan is presented according to the type of enzyme defect in patients with DRD and DRD-plus.
Conclusions:
It is important to recognize the features of DRD and DRD-plus, because many of them have a good clinical response to the appropriate treatment. The aim of this review is to help guide clinicians with planning treatment for patients with DRD and DRD-plus.
More Related Videos
04:22Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility
Published on: May 30, 2025
04:09Predicting Treatment Response to Image-Guided Therapies Using Machine Learning: An Example for Trans-Arterial Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: October 10, 2018
Related Concept Videos
Review and Preview
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
Review and Preview
Predicting Reaction Outcomes
Random and Systematic Errors
Systematic Sampling Method
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
Outcomes of Glycolysis
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...