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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

465
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
465
Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

444
It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
444
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

401
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
401
Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

521
When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
521
Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

476
When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
476
Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

924
One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
924

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

PET and MRI Guided Irradiation of a Glioblastoma Rat Model Using a Micro-irradiator
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Optimization of re-irradiation using deformable registration: a case study.

Raphaël Jumeau1, Nicolas Péguret1, Cédric Zulliger2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

BJR Case Reports
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces modified volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for re-irradiation, optimizing radiation doses to minimize small bowel toxicity in rectal cancer patients. The new technique successfully delivered therapeutic radiation without acute side effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Re-irradiation is a common practice in radiotherapy departments.
  • Optimizing radiation doses in re-irradiation is crucial to minimize toxicity to surrounding healthy tissues, especially the small bowel.
  • Previous irradiation history must be considered for effective re-treatment planning.

Observation:

  • A patient with rectal adenocarcinoma previously treated with radiotherapy for bone metastases presented with recurrent metastases.
  • Re-irradiation was performed using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).
  • A novel optimization methodology, termed modified VMAT, was developed by registering previous radiation doses and creating virtual structures of the small bowel (SB) to act as dose constraints.

Findings:

  • The modified VMAT technique delivered 20 Gy in five fractions to the planning target volume without acute toxicity.
  • Composite dosimetry revealed a maximal dose (Dmax) of 46.8 Gy to the previously irradiated small bowel using modified VMAT, compared to 60 Gy for standard VMAT and 52 Gy for 3D-RT.
  • Dose deformation was utilized to create new constraint structures, optimizing dose delivery to surrounding tissues.

Implications:

  • The modified VMAT technique offers a feasible and effective method for optimizing re-irradiation in clinical practice.
  • This approach can significantly reduce the radiation dose to the small bowel, thereby minimizing toxicity.
  • The methodology enhances the safety and efficacy of radiotherapy for patients requiring re-treatment.