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Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

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Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Review and Update.

Elisa Gomez Torrijos1, Rosario Gonzalez-Mendiola2, Manuela Alvarado3

  • 1Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain.

Frontiers in Medicine
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is increasingly common, affecting both children and adults. Current research focuses on its multifactorial causes, diagnosis, and treatments like diet and medication, with ongoing needs for non-invasive monitoring and therapies.

Keywords:
allergenselimination dieteosinophilic esofagitiseosinophilicsesophagoscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Immunology
  • Allergy and Clinical Immunology
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) incidence and prevalence have risen significantly since the 1990s.
  • EoE is a leading cause of food impaction and dysphagia, increasingly recognized beyond rare disease status.
  • Associated with atopic conditions and IgE-mediated food allergies, impacting both pediatric and adult populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss recent advancements in EoE pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To align understanding with the latest published clinical guidelines.
  • To highlight current research findings and identify unmet needs in EoE management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current epidemiological studies and recent literature on EoE.
  • Analysis of updated diagnostic criteria, including symptom evaluation and histological evidence (≥15 eosinophils/HPF).
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies: pharmacotherapy (PPIs, topical corticosteroids), dietary elimination, and endoscopic dilation.

Main Results:

  • EoE has a multifactorial origin involving genetic and environmental factors, with barrier dysfunction and T-helper 2 inflammation implicated.
  • Clinical presentations vary by age and may not correlate with histologic activity; diagnosis requires repeated endoscopies.
  • Effective treatments include drug therapy, step-up elimination diets, and endoscopic dilation for severe cases; oral immunotherapy carries a 2.72% risk of EoE development.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding EoE's pathogenesis, genetics, natural history, and treatment.
  • Urgent needs include non-invasive monitoring methods, validated biomarkers, novel food allergy testing, and optimized therapeutic protocols.
  • Multidisciplinary management involving various specialists is crucial for comprehensive EoE care.