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Related Concept Videos

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection01:30

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

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Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are the methods that help to break the infection chain and prevent disease.
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars
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Pillars or Pancakes? Self-Cleaning Surfaces without Coating.

Naureen Akhtar1,2, Peter J Thomas3, Benny Svardal3

  • 1Department of Physics and Technology , University of Bergen , P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen , Norway.

Nano Letters
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New "pancake" structured surfaces offer a novel approach to self-cleaning. This coating-free design allows water to flow freely, preventing contamination and improving durability for various applications.

Keywords:
Self-cleaningoleophobicrobustnessunderwaterwetting properties

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Engineering
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Self-cleaning surfaces are crucial for applications in marine, medical, and infrastructure.
  • Current methods rely on hydrophilic/hydrophobic coatings and high-aspect-ratio structures, which can impair optical properties and trap contaminants.
  • Existing structures are prone to damage in harsh environments and can lead to fouling aggregation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a radically different strategy for self-cleaning surface design.
  • To demonstrate a coating-free self-cleaning surface using novel microstructuring.
  • To improve the durability and reduce maintenance of surfaces exposed to water.

Main Methods:

  • Designing surfaces with a pattern of very low aspect ratio pillars, termed "pancakes".
  • Utilizing free-flowing water dynamics around the structures to create a dynamic water layer.
  • Applying the "pancake" design to sapphire windows without any additional coatings.

Main Results:

  • The new "pancake" structured surfaces demonstrate self-cleaning properties solely through physical structuring.
  • Coating-free self-cleaning surfaces were successfully created and tested.
  • An offshore installation using these structured sapphire windows operated continuously for over a year, a significant improvement over unstructured windows (7-day uptime).

Conclusions:

  • The "pancake" pillar design represents a breakthrough in self-cleaning surface technology.
  • This approach eliminates the need for coatings, enhancing optical clarity and durability.
  • The demonstrated long-term performance in a harsh offshore environment validates the effectiveness and robustness of this novel self-cleaning strategy.