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Lung Capacity

Lung Capacity

The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.

Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...

Breathing

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Published on: March 9, 2018

Characterization of lung burden E.M.P.S.

¹Dept. Cellular Path, Heath Hospital, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

|October 28, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate physical characterization of environmental mineral particles (EMPs) is crucial for understanding disease aetiology. Analyzing fiber dimensions in lung tissue and airborne dust is key to assessing exposure risks and disease potential.

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Micro-Mechanical Characterization of Lung Tissue Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Micro-Mechanical Characterization of Lung Tissue Using Atomic Force Microscopy

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

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Combined Use of Tail Vein Metastasis Assays and Real-Time In Vivo Imaging to Quantify Breast Cancer Metastatic Colonization and Burden in the Lungs

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Micro-Mechanical Characterization of Lung Tissue Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Micro-Mechanical Characterization of Lung Tissue Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: August 28, 2011

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Toxicology
Materials Science

Background:

Environmental mineral particles (EMPs) can cause lung diseases.
Biological effects of EMPs depend on their physical properties like length and diameter.
Accurate characterization of EMPs is essential for risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To emphasize the importance of physical characterization of EMPs for disease etiology.
To highlight the need for accurate measurement of fiber length and diameter distribution.
To establish reliable methods for assessing EMP exposure risks.

Main Methods:

Microscopic examination of lung burden and airborne dust samples.
Utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for its superior resolution of smaller fibers.
Implementing tissue preparation techniques that preserve fiber integrity.

Main Results:

TEM is the most viable method for analyzing lung burden due to its resolution capabilities.
Bivariate data collection on fiber size is essential for comparative analysis.
Proper sample preparation is critical for accurate interpretation of results.

Conclusions:

Detailed physical characterization of EMPs, particularly fiber dimensions, is vital for understanding disease mechanisms.
Accurate assessment of respirable airborne dust and lung burden is necessary for risk evaluation.
Numerical data from sample analysis enhances understanding of EMPs' disease potential.