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The Influence of Leaping Frequency on Secondary Bone in Cercopithecid Primates
Susan E Lad1,2, James D Pampush3,4, W Scott Mcgraw5
1Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|October 29, 2018
Summary
Bone remodeling in primates is influenced by behavior. High-frequency leaping in cercopithecids correlates with bone changes in the femur, but not the humerus, suggesting complex load effects.
Area of Science:
- Paleoanthropology
- Biomechanics
- Comparative Anatomy
Background:
- Bone remodeling is a continuous process influenced by mechanical stress.
- Behavioral patterns, such as leaping, create specific mechanical environments impacting bone structure.
- Understanding the relationship between load magnitude, frequency, and bone remodeling is crucial for evolutionary studies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To test the hypothesis that high-magnitude loads, typical of leaping behaviors, primarily induce bone remodeling.
- To investigate how variations in leaping frequency affect bone remodeling across different cercopithecid species.
- To compare bone remodeling patterns in the femur and humerus in relation to locomotor behaviors.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of osteon population density (OPD), osteon cross-sectional area (On.Ar), and relative osteonal area (%HAV) from femoral and humeral midshafts.
- Study included four cercopithecid species (Colobus polykomos, Piliocolobus badius, Cercopithecus diana, Cercocebus atys) with varying leaping frequencies.
- Phylogenetically informed generalized linear mixed models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods were employed for statistical analysis.
Main Results:
- Femoral OPD and %HAV were significantly greater in high-frequency leapers compared to low-frequency leapers.
- No similar pattern of increased OPD or %HAV was observed in the humerus of high-frequency leapers.
- OPD and %HAV were greater in the humerus than the femur, contrary to expectations based on presumed load magnitudes.
Conclusions:
- Results offer conflicting support for hypotheses linking load magnitude and frequency to bone remodeling.
- Frequent high-magnitude loads may drive femoral remodeling, but the humerus shows different patterns.
- Further research is needed to disentangle the specific effects of load magnitude versus frequency on bone remodeling.
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