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What are Viruses?

What are Viruses?

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

Introduction to Virus

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...

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Viruses of Archaea

Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...

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High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

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Published on: February 4, 2012

[Novel -type D- influenza virus].

Shin Murakami¹, Taisuke Horimoto¹

¹Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo.

|October 30, 2018

Summary

Influenza D virus, a novel type infecting livestock, is prevalent globally and a cause of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). This review details its discovery, epidemiology, virology, and prevalence in Japan.

Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Infectious Diseases

Context:

Influenza viruses A, B, and C are well-known pathogens.
Influenza D virus (IDV) was recently discovered in the United States, primarily affecting livestock.
IDV is increasingly recognized as a significant pathogen in cattle.

Purpose:

To review the discovery and characteristics of Influenza D virus.
To discuss the global and Japanese epidemiological status of IDV.
To present research on the epidemic status of IDV in Japan.

Summary:

Influenza D virus, distinct from types A-C, infects cattle and other domestic animals.
Epidemiological surveys confirm its worldwide prevalence, including Japan, where it contributes to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC).
This review covers IDV's discovery, epidemiology, virology, and its specific epidemic status in Japan.

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Published on: April 15, 2017

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of a newly emerging animal pathogen.
Highlights the importance of IDV in livestock health and disease.
Informs future research and surveillance strategies for Influenza D virus in Japan and globally.