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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
Published on: January 25, 2019
Evaluation of marginal discrepancy of pressable ceramic veneer fabricated using CAD/CAM system: Additive and
Seen-Young Kang1, Ha-Na Lee1, Ji-Hwan Kim1
1Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal discrepancy of heat-pressed ceramic veneers manufactured using a CAD/CAM system.
Materials And Methods:
The ceramic veneers for the abutment of a maxillary left central incisor were designed using a CAD/CAM software program. Ten veneers using a micro-stereolithography apparatus (AM group), ten veneers using a five-axis milling machine (SM group), and ten veneers using a traditional free-hand wax technique (TW group) were prepared according to the respective manufacturing method. The ceramic veneers were also fabricated using a heat-press technique, and a silicone replica was used to measure their marginal discrepancy. The marginal discrepancies were measured using a digital microscope (×160 magnification). The data were analyzed using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H test. Finally, post-hoc comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests (α=.05).
Results:
The mean±SD of the total marginal discrepancy was 99.68±28.01 µm for the AM group, 76.60±28.76 µm for the SM group, and 83.08±39.74 µm for the TW group. There were significant differences in the total marginal discrepancies of the ceramic veneers (P<.05).
Conclusion:
The SM group showed a better fit than the AM and TW groups. However, all values were within the clinical tolerance. Therefore, CAD/CAM manufacturing methods can replace the traditional free-hand wax technique.
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