Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.6K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.6K
Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance01:24

Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance

5.6K
Primary motives such as sleep, sex, and pain avoidance are crucial drivers of behavior in humans and animals. These motives ensure survival, reproductive success, and overall well-being by prompting actions that meet essential bodily needs.
Sleep is a fundamental physiological drive that fosters a state of restfulness crucial for several bodily functions. It facilitates body restoration, the process by which the body repairs, rejuvenates, and maintains itself during sleep, including memory...
5.6K
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

680
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
680
Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

43.7K
Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
43.7K
Pain01:20

Pain

1.4K
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
1.4K
The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

80.9K
Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
80.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oil-impregnated densified wood veneer with high electrical insulation enabled by nanosized oil channels.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Enhancing experimental design through Bayes factor design analysis: insights from multi-armed bandit tasks.

Wellcome open research·2026
Same author

Refining the Definition for "Low Risk" in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Time to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality.

JACC. Heart failure·2026
Same author

szKendall: spatial-structural-zero-aware dissimilarity measures for subtype discovery using single cell Hi-C data.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Intraductal digestive enzyme accumulation drives lethal hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis and enables therapeutic intervention.

Research square·2026
Same author

Study of risk assessment scores as surrogate endpoints in pulmonary arterial hypertension trials.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine·2026
Same journal

Alzheimer's Research UK Research Conference 2026.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2026
Same journal

It Takes a Village: Patient Satisfaction in a Specialized Atypical Parkinsonism Interdisciplinary Clinic.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2026
Same journal

First, breathe: Rethinking neuroscience engagement at Glastonbury festival.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2026
Same journal

The <i>BNA</i> Festive Symposium 2025 - delivering neuroscience: From synapse to society.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2026
Same journal

The LOAD2 mouse model of late-onset alzheimer's disease exhibits an accelerated onset of locomotor and anxiety deficits.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2026
Same journal

Re-visiting cognitive reserve: The importance of multiple brain measures.

Brain and neuroscience advances·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework
06:19

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework

Published on: July 22, 2025

2.5K

Model-based and model-free pain avoidance learning.

Oliver Wang1,2, Sang Wan Lee3, John O'Doherty4

  • 1Department of Neural Computation for Decision-making, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.

Brain and Neuroscience Advances
|October 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that pain avoidance, like reward learning, uses distinct cognitive systems. Decision-making flexibly switches between model-based and model-free strategies based on task rules and uncertainty.

Keywords:
Decision-makingpain avoidancereinforcement learninguncertainty

More Related Videos

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice
06:57

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.3K
Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework
06:19

Constructing and Visualizing Models using Mime-based Machine-learning Framework

Published on: July 22, 2025

2.5K
Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice
06:57

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.3K
Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

4.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Reward learning is understood to involve distinct model-based and model-free decision control systems.
  • A comparable distinction for punishment avoidance has been less clear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if punishment avoidance also relies on distinct model-based and model-free systems.
  • To compare the flexibility of these systems in pain avoidance versus reward learning.

Main Methods:

  • A pain avoidance task was designed, mirroring reward-based decision-making paradigms.
  • Subjects performed a two-step decision task with probabilistic pain outcomes and rule-contingent outcomes.
  • Behavioral data were analyzed using a dynamic transition model between controllers.

Main Results:

  • Subjects employed a mixed strategy, favoring model-free learning when outcomes were not rule-dependent and model-based when they were.
  • A dynamic transition model effectively described the shift between the two control systems.
  • Pain avoidance showed a greater tendency to switch between model-free and model-based systems under changing uncertainty compared to reward-based tasks.

Conclusions:

  • The study supports a dual-system model for pain avoidance decision-making.
  • This pain avoidance system appears more dynamically flexible than the reward-based system.