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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor
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Mitochondrial genetic medicine.

Douglas C Wallace1

  • 1Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. wallaced1@email.chop.edu.

Nature Genetics
|October 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases, discovered 30 years ago, involve interactions between mtDNA and nuclear DNA genes. Understanding these complex genetic interactions is crucial for addressing non-Mendelian diseases and aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases have been studied for three decades.
  • Mitochondrial function relies on both maternally inherited mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes.
  • These genetic systems offer insights into complex diseases, aging, and gene-environment interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the significance of mitochondrial genetics in understanding common diseases.
  • To highlight the role of mtDNA-nDNA interactions in non-Mendelian inheritance and disease etiology.
  • To discuss the implications for gene therapy and current limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial genetics and disease.
  • Analysis of the interplay between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes.
  • Examination of the role of mitochondrial genetics in complex diseases, aging, and gene-environment interactions.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains 37 essential genes, while nuclear DNA (nDNA) contributes 1,000-2,000 mitochondrial genes.
  • The interaction between mtDNA and nDNA explains non-Mendelian inheritance, variable disease expression, and aging.
  • Mitochondrial genetics accounts for quantitative and environmental factors in human disease not explained by Mendelian genetics.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) interactions are fundamental to understanding complex genetic diseases.
  • Mitochondrial genetics provides a framework for explaining phenomena like variable penetrance and gene-environment interactions.
  • While germline gene therapy has emerged, effective treatments for existing mitochondrial dysfunction remain a challenge.