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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

36.1K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

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Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...
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Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

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Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

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Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Optimization of Processing of Tiebangchui with Highland Barley Wine Based on the Box-Behnken Design Combined with the Entropy Method
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eLD: entropy-based linkage disequilibrium index between multiallelic sites.

Yukinori Okada1,2

  • 11Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871 Japan.

Human Genome Variation
|October 31, 2018
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Summary

eLD is new software for quantifying linkage disequilibrium (LD) between multiallelic sites. This tool helps analyze complex genetic variations, including genotype-based LD, advancing human genome variation studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Human Genetics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Statistical Genomics

Background:

  • Quantifying linkage disequilibrium (LD) is crucial for understanding human genome variations.
  • Existing LD indices primarily focus on biallelic variants at two sites.
  • The normalized entropy difference (ε) offers a method for multiallelic LD estimation.

Observation:

  • Traditional LD metrics are limited in analyzing complex genetic structures involving multiple alleles or sites.
  • The previously introduced ε index demonstrated potential for multiallelic LD assessment.
  • Complex LD patterns exist within gene families like HLA and between unlinked loci.

Findings:

  • eLD (entropy-based Linkage Disequilibrium index) software has been developed to calculate the ε index for multiallelic variants.
  • eLD effectively dissects complex LD structures, exemplified by strong LD among HLA genes in East Asians.
  • The software supports both haplotype-based and genotype-based LD analyses, including trans-regional LD between unlinked loci.

Implications:

  • eLD provides a versatile tool for researchers studying human genome variations and complex disease genetics.
  • It enables more accurate LD quantification for multiallelic and multi-locus genetic data.
  • Applications include analyzing LD in immune system genes (HLA) and functionally relevant variants (ADH1B, ALDH2).