Cell toxicity mechanism and biomarker
1Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China. zhang.yong@zs-hospital.sh.cn.
Clinical and Translational Medicine
|October 31, 2018
Summary
Toxicants can cause cell toxicity through oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation, impacting organ function. Understanding these mechanisms and biomarkers like autophagy aids in protection and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Toxicology
- Cell Biology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Cell toxicity can lead to organ dysfunction and severe health issues.
- Toxicants often induce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress and cell damage.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage are significant contributors to toxicant-induced cell injury.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the mechanisms of cell toxicity induced by various toxicants.
- To highlight the role of nanoparticle-induced toxicity and its mechanisms.
- To identify and understand biomarkers associated with cell toxicity.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent studies on toxicant-induced cell toxicity.
- Analysis of mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage.
- Identification of biomarkers such as autophagy, cytokines, and miRNA.
Main Results:
- Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage are key pathways in cell toxicity.
- Nanoparticle-induced toxicity involves inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage.
- Autophagy, cytokines, and miRNA are identified as significant biomarkers of cell toxicity.
Conclusions:
- Understanding cell toxicity mechanisms is crucial for developing protective strategies.
- Clarifying these pathways can aid in disease treatment and prevention of drug side effects.
- Further research into biomarkers will enhance our ability to manage cell toxicity.
Related Concept Videos
02:53Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells
7.1K
Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
7.1K
01:26Toxic Reactions: Overview
2.0K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
2.0K
01:13Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces
3.6K
In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue.
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...
3.6K
01:58Mechanical Protein Functions
5.6K
Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.
5.6K
03:06Reaction Mechanisms
30.8K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
30.8K
01:20Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers
862
Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
862