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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
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Imaging Artificial Membranes Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy.

Hussein Nasrallah1,2, Anthony Vial1,2, Nicolas Pocholle3

  • 1INSERM, U1054, Montpellier, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|October 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Supported lipid bilayers mimic cell membranes for studying component segregation. New protocols optimize their formation on mica for high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) imaging.

Keywords:
Artificial membraneAtomic force microscopyDynamicsLangmuirLipidSupported lipid bilayerVesicle fusion

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are crucial models for biological membranes.
  • Investigating lateral segregation of membrane components is vital for understanding cellular processes.
  • High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) offers high-resolution, real-time membrane dynamics observation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and detail protocols for fabricating SLBs on mica disks.
  • To adapt these protocols for HS-AFM imaging.
  • To provide guidelines for imaging artificial lipid bilayers.

Main Methods:

  • Vesicle fusion method for SLB formation.
  • Langmuir-Blodgett method for SLB formation.
  • High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) for imaging.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of supported lipid bilayers on mica disks.
  • Optimized protocols for HS-AFM imaging of SLBs.
  • Demonstrated capability to capture nanoscale topography and dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Established robust methods for creating artificial lipid bilayers.
  • Provided essential techniques for HS-AFM analysis of membrane models.
  • Facilitated advanced research into membrane component behavior.