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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and thyroid dysfunction: a meta-analysis.

W Luo1, P Mao1, L Zhang1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huangyan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.

Lupus
|October 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is linked to a higher risk of hypothyroidism. However, this autoimmune disease does not appear to significantly affect the risk of hyperthyroidism.

Keywords:
Hyperthyroidismhypothyroidismmeta-analysissystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Rheumatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with unclear pathogenesis.
  • Thyroid dysfunction, encompassing hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, may be linked to autoimmune factors.
  • Growing evidence suggests a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in SLE patients compared to the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze existing literature.
  • To determine the relationship between SLE and the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CNKI, WANFANG, VIP).
  • Extraction of studies comparing thyroid dysfunction in SLE patients versus healthy controls.
  • Statistical analysis using STATA 12.0.

Main Results:

  • Ten studies involving 10,500 SLE patients and 44,170 controls were analyzed.
  • SLE patients showed a significantly higher prevalence of hypothyroidism (OR=2.93) and subclinical hypothyroidism (OR=5.67).
  • No significant difference in the prevalence of (subclinical) hyperthyroidism was observed between SLE patients and controls.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing hypothyroidism.
  • SLE appears to have minimal impact on the risk of hyperthyroidism.