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Related Concept Videos

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
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TIM-3 expression in breast cancer.

Samantha Burugu1,2, Dongxia Gao1, Samuel Leung1

  • 1Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Oncoimmunology
|November 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) are linked to better outcomes in breast cancer. TIM-3 is a potential target for novel immunotherapies in breast cancer treatment.

Keywords:
LAG-3PD-1PD-L1TIM-3breast cancerimmune checkpointsimmunohistochemistrytumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with favorable outcomes in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.
  • Current immune checkpoint inhibitors benefit a limited subset of breast cancer patients.
  • Upregulation of additional immune checkpoint markers may drive resistance to existing therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and prognostic significance of T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) in breast cancer.
  • To evaluate TIM-3 as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical analysis of TIM-3 expression in 3,992 breast cancer specimens.
  • Assessment of TIM-3 positive intra-epithelial (iTILs) and stromal TILs (sTILs).
  • Correlation of TIM-3 expression with clinico-pathological parameters, biomarkers (CD8, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3), and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • TIM-3 positive iTILs were found in 11% of cases, predominantly in basal-like breast cancers.
  • TIM-3 positive sTILs were observed in 20% of cases.
  • TIM-3 positive iTILs correlated with improved breast cancer-specific survival and were an independent favorable prognostic factor, particularly in ER-negative patients.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of TIM-3 positive intra-epithelial TILs is a significant favorable prognostic indicator in breast cancer.
  • TIM-3 expression is associated with other immune checkpoint markers and TIL levels.
  • TIM-3 represents a promising therapeutic target for enhancing breast cancer immunotherapy.