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X-ray Crystallography02:18

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Instrument calibration is essential for ensuring that instruments produce accurate and consistent results. It is vital in manufacturing, healthcare, testing laboratories, and scientific research. Calibration processes are specific to each instrument and help enhance data accuracy. Each instrument has a unique calibration process tailored to its design and function to improve data accuracy.
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

The Automated Crystallography Pipelines at the EMBL HTX Facility in Grenoble
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A FULLY AUTOMATED SECONDARY STANDARD X-RAY CALIBRATION FACILITY FOR PERSONAL DOSEMETERS.

V Bandalo1, J Brönner1, M B Greiter1

  • 1Individual Monitoring Service, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, München, Germany.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|November 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new automated X-ray calibration facility enhances personal dosemeter calibration at Helmholtz Zentrum München, meeting ISO 4037 standards for radiation dosimetry. This advancement ensures accurate measurements for radiation protection and safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Dosimetry
  • Metrology

Background:

  • The Helmholtz Zentrum München's individual monitoring service operates a secondary standard dosimetry laboratory.
  • Accurate calibration of personal dosemeters is crucial for radiation protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new, fully automated X-ray calibration facility for personal dosemeters.
  • To ensure compliance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4037 standard series.

Main Methods:

  • Description of the X-ray irradiation system and automated dosemeter transport.
  • Characterization of photon fields and conformity assessment against ISO standards.
  • Evaluation of standard uncertainties for radiation quantities.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of a new automated X-ray calibration facility.
  • Demonstration of conformity to ISO 4037 standards for photon fields.
  • Quantification of standard uncertainties associated with the calibration system.

Conclusions:

  • The new facility significantly enhances calibration capabilities for personal dosemeters.
  • Adherence to ISO standards ensures reliable and accurate dosimetry.
  • Challenges in achieving matched fields according to ISO 4037-1 drafts were identified and discussed.