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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
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A diode is reverse-biased when the positive terminal of an external voltage source is connected to the n-type material and the negative terminal to the p-type material. This configuration opposes the natural direction of current flow through the diode, effectively increasing the width of the depletion region and the barrier potential. The reverse bias condition produces a minimal leakage current, primarily due to minority charge carriers. This leakage becomes significant when the reverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Creation of Reversible Cholestatic Rat Model
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Toxicity and Mutagenicity Evaluation Following RISUG Contraception Reversal in Rats.

Abdul S Ansari1, Mubarik Hussain2, Sadi Rehan Khan1

  • 11 Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

International Journal of Toxicology
|November 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance (RISUG) reversal using DMSO/NaHCO3 successfully restored fertility in rats without cellular toxicity. This male contraceptive method shows promise for safe and reversible contraception.

Keywords:
RISUGcontraceptionmutagenicityreversaltoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and toxicology
  • Male contraception research
  • Biomaterial safety evaluation

Background:

  • Reestablishing fertility after male contraception is crucial.
  • Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance (RISUG) is a potential long-acting male contraceptive.
  • Assessing the safety and reversibility of RISUG is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the mutagenicity and cellular toxicity of RISUG after reversibility.
  • To assess the impact of RISUG reversal on reproductive organs and hormonal status.
  • To confirm the safety of the solvent vehicle (DMSO/NaHCO3) used for RISUG reversal.

Main Methods:

  • Wistar albino rats were divided into control and experimental groups, with RISUG vas occlusion for 90 and 360 days, followed by reversal.
  • Apoptosis assays (TUNEL, Caspase-3, Annexin V) were performed on testes, cauda epididymis, and spermatozoa.
  • Hormonal profiles (testosterone, prolactin, cortisol, PSA) and sperm antibodies were analyzed.
  • RISUG mutagenicity was tested using the Ames test.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis markers in testes and cauda epididymis were comparable to controls after RISUG reversal.
  • Annexin V assay showed minimal positive spermatozoa, indicating no significant damage.
  • Hormone levels and sperm antibody concentrations remained unchanged.
  • Ames test revealed no mutagenic potential of RISUG.

Conclusions:

  • Reversal of RISUG contraception using DMSO/NaHCO3 is effective and safe.
  • RISUG demonstrates no significant cellular toxicity or mutagenicity post-reversal.
  • This study supports RISUG as a potentially safe and reversible male contraceptive option.