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Related Concept Videos

Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

38.1K
The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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The Wave Nature of Light02:12

The Wave Nature of Light

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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
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Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
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High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis
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Continuous-wave mirrorless lasing at 2.21  μm in sodium vapors.

Alexander M Akulshin, Felipe Pedreros Bustos, Dmitry Budker

    Optics Letters
    |November 2, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers achieved continuous-wave (cw) laser emission at 2.21 μm in sodium (Na) vapor using low laser power. This mirrorless lasing is magnetic field and polarization dependent, offering potential for remote sensing applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    • Laser Physics
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Population inversion is crucial for laser operation.
    • Sodium vapor offers unique atomic transitions for light generation.
    • Continuous-wave (cw) emission requires stable excitation and gain conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate backward-directed cw emission at 2.21 μm from two-photon excited sodium vapor.
    • To investigate the power and atom-number-density thresholds for this specific laser emission.
    • To explore the potential applications of this novel laser source, including remote magnetometry and atmospheric sensing.

    Main Methods:

    • Two-photon excitation of sodium (Na) vapor using resonant laser light at 589 nm and 569 nm.

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  • Generation of population inversion on the 4P3/2-4S1/2 transition.
  • Characterization of lasing properties, including power thresholds, atom density requirements, and beam divergence.
  • Investigation of magnetic field and polarization dependence of the mirrorless laser emission.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated backward-directed cw emission at 2.21 μm.
    • Lasing achieved at sub-10 mW total applied laser power.
    • Observed beam divergence of 6 mrad, primarily determined by the gain region's aspect ratio.
    • Confirmed magnetic field and polarization dependence of the mirrorless 2.21 μm lasing.

    Conclusions:

    • Successful generation of 2.21 μm cw laser emission in Na vapor via two-photon excitation.
    • Low power requirements and mirrorless operation make this a potentially practical laser source.
    • The observed magnetic field and polarization dependence suggest utility in remote magnetometry.
    • Findings provide insights for developing directional return signals from mesospheric sodium atoms.