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In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
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HIV control: Is getting there the same as staying there?

Philip Goulder1,2, Steven G Deeks3

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

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Immune responses controlling acute HIV infection may differ from those maintaining long-term viral suppression. Chronic inflammation post-control can be detrimental, impacting HIV remission strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Elite and post-treatment control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) involve distinct immune response dynamics.
  • Understanding acute HIV infection immune responses is crucial for long-term viral suppression strategies.
  • Data on acute HIV infection immune responses and their long-term consequences remain limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether immune responses during acute HIV infection are identical to those maintaining long-term viral suppression.
  • To explore the differences in immune mechanisms and inflammation levels between acute and chronic HIV control.
  • To inform the development of nuanced interventional approaches for HIV cure and remission.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the natural history of elite and post-treatment HIV control.
  • Analysis of longitudinal studies on controllers who experience viral rebound.
  • Examination of factors including biologic sex, age, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection models.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests distinct immune mechanisms are required for achieving and maintaining HIV control.
  • Persistent inflammation after achieving viral control can be detrimental to individual health.
  • The balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways during acute infection has lasting effects on HIV control and health outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Acute and long-term HIV control may rely on different immune response profiles.
  • Chronic inflammation poses a risk to long-term health in individuals with controlled HIV.
  • Future HIV cure and remission interventions must consider the distinct phases of infection and inflammation.