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Related Concept Videos

Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plasticizers01:31

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Plastic-associated harmful microalgal assemblages in marine environment.

Silvia Casabianca1, Samuela Capellacci1, Maria Grazia Giacobbe2

  • 1Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy.

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Marine plastic debris harbors harmful algae, including toxic diatoms and dinoflagellates. This study quantifies these microbial communities, revealing their rapid colonization and toxin production, posing risks to marine ecosystems and human health.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Plastic debris in marine environments acts as a substrate for various organisms.
  • These colonizing organisms, including harmful microorganisms, can disperse invasive species and toxic compounds.
  • The ecological and health impacts of these plastic-associated microbial communities are significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify microalgal taxa, particularly harmful species, colonizing marine plastics using molecular methods.
  • To investigate the relationship between the abundance of harmful algal species and their toxin production on plastics.
  • To determine the adhesion rates of microalgal species on plastic substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of marine plastic surface samples using a molecular quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay.
  • Quantification of attached microalgal taxa, including diatoms and dinoflagellates.
  • Measurement of toxin levels and microalgal adhesion rates on plastic substrates.

Main Results:

  • Diatoms were the most abundant colonizers (up to 8.2 × 10^4 cells cm^-2), followed by dinoflagellates (up to 1.1 × 10^3 cells cm^-2).
  • Harmful species like Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Ostreopsis cf. ovata were abundant, with toxin levels ranging from 10^1 to 10^2 ng cm^-2.
  • Microalgal adhesion rates ranged from 0.3 to 1.8 day^-1, indicating rapid colonization of plastic surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first molecular quantification of microorganisms, including toxin-producing species, colonizing plastics.
  • Findings highlight the role of plastic debris as vectors for harmful algal species and their toxins.
  • Improved monitoring of plastics is needed, as the epi-plastic community can exacerbate plastic pollution's harmful effects through dispersal and trophic transfer.