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Molecules and Compounds

Molecules and Compounds

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Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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Certification of Powder-containment Hoods for Nonsterile Compounding.

Kyle Mulder¹, Raphael Dozzi²

¹Technical Safety Services LLC, Portland, Oregon. Kmulder@techsafety.com.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding

|November 2, 2018

Summary

Protecting pharmacy environments from airborne powder particles during compounding is crucial. This article details powder-containment hood certification to ensure effective protection for staff and customers.

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Area of Science:

Pharmacy Compounding Safety
Occupational Health & Safety
Environmental Engineering Controls

Background:

Airborne particles from powder handling in pharmacies pose risks to staff, customers, and the environment.
Fume hoods and powder-containment hoods are primary engineering controls for nonsterile compounding.
Routine certification of these hoods is vital to ensure their designed protective capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To address key questions regarding the certification of powder-containment hoods.
To guide users in finding qualified certification companies.
To explain how to interpret and address findings from certification assessments.

Main Methods:

Discussion of certification procedures for powder-containment hoods.
Guidance on selecting and vetting third-party certification services.
Analysis of common findings during certification assessments.
Presentation of an example single-pass certification report.

Main Results:

Certification ensures powder-containment hoods function as intended, minimizing airborne contaminants.
Proper selection of a certification company is critical for accurate assessment.
Understanding assessment findings allows for necessary adjustments and maintenance.

Conclusions:

Regular, certified testing of powder-containment hoods is essential for maintaining a safe pharmacy compounding environment.
Certification verifies the effectiveness of engineering controls against airborne powder particles.
This article provides practical information for ensuring the integrity of powder-containment hoods.