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Related Concept Videos

pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Scaling01:26

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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Related Experiment Video

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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions
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Modeling effects of neural fluctuations and inter-scale interactions.

Hans Liljenström1

  • 1Biometry and Systems Analysis, ET, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden and Agora for Biosystems, Sigtuna, Sweden.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)
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PubMed
Summary

Computational models link molecular, cellular, and network levels in neuroscience. They reveal the constructive roles of noise and chaos in brain functions and consciousness.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Understanding the relationship between different organizational levels in neural systems is a key scientific challenge.
  • The functional significance of neural fluctuations, noise, and chaos remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the integration of processes across micro (molecular), meso (cellular), and macro (network) scales in neural systems.
  • To investigate the functional significance of non-linear neurodynamics, including oscillations, chaos, and noise.
  • To demonstrate the utility of computational models in bridging different levels of neural organization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing complex computational models tailored to experimental data across multiple scales (molecular, cellular, network).

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  • Examining models developed by Hans Braun and colleagues, alongside models from the author's group.
  • Analyzing both upward and downward causation within neural systems.

    • Main Results:

    • Computational models can effectively bridge different organizational levels of neural systems.
    • Noise and chaos play constructive roles in neural functions such as sensation, perception, learning, memory, and decision-making.
    • Downward causation is explored as a necessary condition for consciousness and free will.

    Conclusions:

    • Computational modeling is crucial for integrating multi-scale neural data and understanding complex brain functions.
    • Non-linear dynamics, including noise and chaos, are functionally significant in neural processing.
    • Addressing downward causation is essential for a comprehensive scientific understanding of consciousness and free will.